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Appendix B. OSI Model and Frame Relay Technology Overview
61200305L1-1 ATLAS 550 User Manual B-3
Example 2: OSI Model Related to Process of Moving Data
Packet
A more typical example of the OSI model involves moving a data packet
across an IP network.
FRAME RELAY
Framerelayisone of severallayer 2 (datalink)protocolsthat transportdata
acrossaserialdata network.These protocolsalsoinclude Point-to-PointPro-
tocol (PPP) and High-level Data Link Connection Protocol (HDLC). Frame
relay networks are composed of virtual circuits that connect customer loca-
tions. To reduce a customer’s overall monthly connection, multiple virtual
circuits could be delivered to the customer’s location over a single physical
connection.
Virtual Circuits
Virtual circuits can be either permanent (PVC) or switched (SVC). PVC
bandwidthsaredeterminedwhenthecircuitisorderedfromtheframerelay
provider. PVCs are always active, even when no data is being transmitted.
SVC bandwidths are created and used only when needed and allow for ne-
Upper Layers E-mail message
Layer 3 Network - IP/IPX
Layer 2 Data Link - Frame Relay/PPP
Layer 1 Physical - T1/DDS
Send Process Receive Process
Creates a data packet. Upper Layers Data packet is processed.
Wraps the data in an IP
packet, specifies the IP
address of the far end
computer, and determines the
appropriate route.
Layer 3
The IP wrapper is
removed and the data is
then passed to the upper
layers.
TheIPpacketisplacedinside
aframerelaypacketwiththe
appropriate DLCI and placed
on the correct DS-1.
Layer 2
The frame packet is
unwrapped and the IP
packet is sent to layer 3.
The frame relay packet is
placed in the appropriate
DS0s.
Layer 1
LEC and IXC
The frame relay packet is
removed and passed to
layer 2.
- ATLAS 550 1
- TRADEMARKS 2
- Table of Contents 11
- List of Figures 25
- List of Tables 29
- Introduction 31
- Access Router 32
- Access Switch 33
- Additional Applications 34
- ATLAS 550 FEATURES 35
- Chapter 1. Introduction 36
- Installation 37
- GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS 38
- SUPPLYING POWER TO THE UNIT 39
- MOUNTING OPTIONS 39
- Control/Chain In Port 40
- Control/Chain Out Port 41
- Ethernet Connection 41
- Alarm Relay Connection 42
- Network Connection 43
- Test Interface 44
- Frame Relay Specifications 44
- IP Router Specifications 45
- Option Slots 45
- INSTALLING OPTION MODULES 45
- Chapter 2. Installation 46
- Operation 47
- Chapter 3. Operation 48
- CONTROL/CHAIN IN 48
- USING TELNET 49
- Using the Front Panel 51
- CRAFT PORT 52
- FRONT PANEL LEDS 52
- Navigating the Terminal Menus 57
- Menu Path 58
- Window Panes 58
- Moving through the Menus 61
- Session Management Keystrokes 61
- Configuration Keystrokes 62
- Getting Help 62
- System Control Terminal Menus 63
- SECURITY LEVELS 64
- EVENT LOG 66
- RESOURCE USAGE 68
- CHAIN PORT SIGNAL 69
- CHAIN PORT TX 69
- INTERNAL 70
- SESSION TIMEOUT 71
- MAX TELNET 71
- SESSIONS 71
- ETHERNET PORT 71
- CHAIN PORT 72
- EVENT LOGGING 76
- SYSLOG SETUP 76
- REAL TIME CLOCK 76
- PASSWORDS 77
- LICENSES 78
- LARM RELAY 79
- HRESHOLD 79
- PDATE FIRMWARE 79
- None Selected 80
- Has not been attempted 81
- Module Update Complete 81
- UPDATE STATUS 82
- CONFIG TRANSFER 82
- SYSTEM UTILIZATION 83
- SYSTEM SELFTEST 83
- EBOOT SYSTEM 86
- ACTORY DEFAULT 86
- Module Terminal Menus 87
- Packet Manager 95
- PERFORMANCE 98
- Chapter 8. Packet Manager 100
- ENDPNT COUNT 106
- ENDPNTS SORT 106
- NABLE IQ STATS 108
- ORT ENABLES 108
- VIEW IQ STATISTICS 109
- OVERVIEW 115
- Chapter 9 115
- Chapter 9. Router 116
- IP MENUS 117
- NTERFACES 119
- SUBNET MASK 120
- FAR-END ADDRESS 120
- PROXY ARP 122
- PORT NAME 122
- IP ADDRESS 122
- DEFAULT GATEWAY 122
- TATISTICS 124
- IP FAST CACHE 128
- RELAY TABLE 129
- Dedicated Maps 131
- APS 1 THROUGH 5 132
- ORT TO/FROM 133
- Chapter 10. Dedicated Maps 134
- ACTIVATE TIME 136
- ENBL DAY 136
- IGNALING 137
- Dial Plan 143
- Interface Configurations 144
- UT#ACCEPT 145
- Chapter 11. Dial Plan 146
- IFCE CONFIG 147
- N#ACCEPT 148
- INTERFACE CONFIGURATIONS 152
- SWITCH TYPE 153
- FIRST DS0 153
- NUMBER OF DS0S 153
- OUTGOING NUMBER 153
- CONVERSION 153
- STRIP MSD 154
- SOURCE ID 156
- SWAP ANI/DNIS 156
- S AVAILABLE 157
- IGNALING METHOD 157
- X SEQUENCE 157
- INK AFTER ANI/ 157
- DIGIT SUPPRESSION 158
- DIRECT INWARD 158
- TRUNK NUMBER 158
- ALLED DIGTS 161
- RANSFERRED 161
- UTGOING CALLER 161
- OURCE ID 161
- WAP ANI/DNIS 161
- DS0S AVAILABLE 162
- SIGNALING METHOD 162
- DIAL ON OFFHOOK 164
- SPID LIST 166
- CREATING DIAL PLANS—EXAMPLES 168
- AT L A S 5 5 0 A 169
- ATLAS 550 B 169
- PKTENDPT 170
- PKTVOICE 173
- Menus for Network Termination 175
- Menus for User Termination 176
- Updating Firmware 177
- TFTP FIRMWARE UPDATES 179
- Updating Firmware using TFTP 179
- Schedule 180
- Current Update Status 180
- Chapter 12. Updating Firmware 181
- SNMP Management 183
- SNMP TRAPS 184
- Trap Destination List 184
- Standard Traps 185
- DS1 Traps 186
- Chapter 13. SNMP Management 187
- ADTRAN Utilities 189
- SysLog GUI 190
- Menu Bar 191
- RASE LOG FILES 192
- EFINE RED EVENTS 192
- ROPERTIES 192
- LEAR RED EVENTS 192
- TELNET UTILITY 193
- Chapter 14. ADTRAN Utilities 195
- VT-100 UTILITY 196
- ISCONNECT 197
- ILE TRANSFER 197
- EFRESH SCREEN 197
- TFTP SERVER UTILITY 198
- TFTP Download Complete 201
- System Event Logging 203
- ISDN CAUSE CODES 208
- CAUSE CODE LOG ENTRIES 210
- Technology Overview 213
- OSI Model and Frame Relay 213
- FRAME RELAY 215
- Virtual Circuits 215
- User-to-Network Interface 217
- Managing Network Congestion 219
- Frame Relay Examples 221
- Site Router 224
- Frame Relay 228
- Router Examples 231
- CENTRAL-SITE ROUTER 232
- Appendix D. Router Examples 233
- Troubleshooting 235
- Misconfiguration 236
- Frame relay link is down 237
- Appendix E. Troubleshooting 238
- Acronyms and Abbreviations 239
- Glossary 241
- Appendix G. Glossary 242
- Numerics 253
- Product Support Information 261
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